Download Effective Ingredients Of School-Based Drug Prevention Programs A Systematic Review free11/30/2016 The Role of Schools in Combating Illicit Substance Abuse . As the physical, social, and psychological “home away from home” for most youth, schools naturally assume a primary role in substance abuse education, prevention, and early identification. Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs. 2002 Nov-Dec;27(6):1009-23. PubMed PMID: 12369469. 2: Faggiano F, Vigna-Taglianti FD, Versino E, Zambon. However, the use of random drug testing on students as a component of drug prevention programs requires additional, more rigorous scientific evaluation. Widespread implementation should await the result of ongoing studies to address the effectiveness of testing and evaluate possible inadvertent harm. If drug testing on students is conducted, it should never be implemented in isolation. A comprehensive assessment and therapeutic management program for the student who tests positive should be in place before any testing is performed. Schools have the opportunity to work with parents, health care professionals, and community officials to use programs with proven effectiveness, to identify students who show behavioral risks for drug- related problems, and to make referrals to a student's medical home. When use of an illicit substance is detected, schools can foster relationships with established health care experts to assist them. A student undergoing individualized intervention for using illicit substances merits privacy. Although effective school-based alcohol prevention programs. Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs. School based drug prevention: a systematic review of the effectiveness on. School-based Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention. SCHOOL BASED DRUG PREVENTION PROGAMS: A REVIEW OF WHAT WORKS. Lorraine Mazerolle* Sacha Rombouts. Griffith University, Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance. Australian & New.
This requires that awareness of the student's situation be limited to parents, the student's physician, and only those designated school health officials with a need to know. For the purposes of this statement, alcohol, tobacco, and inhalants are not addressed. THE EFFECT OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE ON CHILDREN IN SCHOOLStudents spend the major part of their day in school. The school environment provides a standard against which young people test behavior. School personnel often serve as highly influential role models by which preadolescents and adolescents judge themselves. Adolescents who perceive that their teachers care about them are less likely to initiate marijuana use, cigarette smoking, drinking to get drunk, and other health risk behaviors. Relationships with teachers and counselors are among the most important and formative ones for many students, especially middle school students. Students who are poorly bonded to school are also less likely to recognize that substance use may reduce the likelihood of them achieving their future goals. The use of mind- altering chemicals has deleterious effects on school performance. Students under the influence of such substances are not ready to learn and are at risk of long- term impairment of cognitive ability and memory. Substance use is frequently associated with a lack of motivation and self- discipline as well as reduced school attendance. Safety issues also are of concern. Marijuana, like alcohol, is associated with increased risk of motor vehicle crashes and death. In addition, substance abuse is correlated with antisocial and violent behavior, such as bringing guns and knives to school, as well as other risk- taking behaviors. Schools, working in collaboration with community partners and health care professionals, are well situated to identify students with signs and symptoms of illicit drug abuse. Poor school performance, underachievement, and truancy may be manifestations of substance use and indicate the need for evaluation and referral of these students to their medical home, where causes for this behavior can be determined. Medical home providers can use screening tools and resources available from federal, state, and local agencies, many of which are categorized both geographically and topically on the Internet (see Fig 1). FIGURE 1. CRAFFT screening tool for adolescent substance abuse. Students may be excluded from the activity until they have been cleared through a screening process. The type of screening performed varies widely (eg, urine, hair sample), as do the specific drugs included in the screen and the response to a positive drug- test result. Technical issues regarding illicit drug testing are addressed in a separate American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement on drug testing. Consequences of a positive drug- test result may include punitive measures, further student assessment, counseling, therapy, and/or rehabilitation. Random drug testing of students may affect specific students or groups of students differently. The benefits and risks of drug testing as a component of a comprehensive program to prevent or reduce substance abuse in such groups as nonusers, first- time and/or occasional users, and more frequent or addicted users must be determined by scientific studies. Implementation of random drug testing of students should await these results. The optimal means of assessing the implications of a positive drug- test result is an evaluation of the student by a health care professional who is trained or experienced in this process. Some societal leaders support broad drug testing as an aid in the prevention of drug use and possible early identification of youth who have used drugs, thereby facilitating appropriate assessment and therapeutic referral. Others, including many parents and pediatricians, are concerned that school- based drug testing could unnecessarily label or stigmatize a child and compromise personal and family privacy. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act applies to medical facilities, but children and adolescents do not have the same safeguards to privacy of medical information in the school. Recording positive drug- test results on students' permanent educational records (under guidelines of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act), which are accessible to many school personnel, could have negative and long- term consequences. Strict attention to issues of confidentiality must be ensured. It has not yet been established that drug testing does not cause harm. The following should be considered: Students involved with illicit drugs may decrease their involvement in extracurricular activities to avoid drug testing. According to the National Institute on Out- of- School Time (www. Without engagement in such activities, adolescents have a higher likelihood of dropping out of school, becoming pregnant, joining gangs, pursuing or increasing their use of drugs, and/or engaging in other risky behaviors. Positive drug- test results may cause increased family conflict rather than improve the home situation for the student. Drug testing of adolescents is not performed for public safety. Even adults have mixed responses to the idea of widely applied drug testing. Although many support the idea of drug testing as a necessary measure for public safety from intoxicated or impaired pilots, bus drivers, police officers, and others, they often voice concerns when the application becomes more pervasive and random. Dollars spent on drug testing may be more effectively spent on drug prevention programs or well- established counseling programs. Drug testing youth who have not been implicated in using drugs may be perceived as being unfair and, thereby, may reduce trust and connectedness with their school, which are essential for maintaining lines of communication. Without evidence available to weigh the effectiveness of drug screening against the potentially harmful consequences, such programs should be limited in schools to those that are carefully controlled and comprehensive in scope. DRUG EDUCATION AT SCHOOLSchools may adopt a variety of alternatives to drug testing to address the issue of substance abuse, including offering after- school programs, incorporating life- skills training into drug education curricula, helping parents become better informed, providing counseling, identifying problem behaviors for early intervention, and promptly referring students to health care professionals for assessment and intervention. School- based health centers should have the capacity to counsel students who are in need of such treatment plans and connect students to available community resources. Schools are appropriate settings for drug prevention programs for 3 reasons: (1) prevention must focus on children before their beliefs and expectations about substance abuse are established; (2) schools offer the most systematic way of reaching young people; and (3) schools can promote a broad spectrum of drug- related educational policies. Resources for the preparation of teachers, counselors, and other school personnel may be a valuable adjunct. Educators are challenged to make the facts about drug abuse meaningful to children and adolescents without enticing them to try drugs. There are many curricula designed for school use that have been proven to be effective and are delivered to students in ways that are interesting, interactive, and developmentally appropriate. Although many program approaches are available, some effective programs focus on enhancing students' problem- solving skills or aiding them to evaluate the influence of the media. Other effective programs help improve students' self- esteem, reduce stress and anxiety, or increase activities. These skills are taught by using a combination of methods including demonstration, practice, feedback, and praise. Another proven approach is “life- skills training,” designed to teach skills to confront a problem- specific focus, emphasizing the application of skills directly to the problem of substance abuse. One of the most studied programs is Life. Skills Training (National Health Promotion Associates, White Plains, NY), a universal school- based prevention approach (most often focused on 7th- graders) that teaches general personal and social skills training combined with drug- refusal skills and normative education. Life. Skills Training produces positive behavioral effects on alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. This approach, with booster sessions that follow the initial program, is most effective. These effects continue years after the intervention.
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